Vivid dreams covid vaccine side effect11/18/2023 ![]() ![]() To fill this notable gap in the literature, we aimed to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and oneiric activity. ![]() 38–40 Thus, the development of nightmares is clinically relevant. Importantly, nightmares have been linked with many forms of psychopathology such as anxiety and depression, 35 borderline personality disorder, 36 and suicidal behavior and mortality, 37 even when accounting for the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder and related Disorders. Given these changes, it is very likely that there are notable differences in sleep and dreaming that come subsequently to infection. First, we are beginning to understand some of the long-term consequences of the virus including physical, 30, 31 cognitive, 32, 33 and mental health 34 changes. This research is crucial for several reasons. ![]() 14 Further, psychological variables influence the quantitative features of oneiric activity since Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms are related to DRF, 22 and both anxiety 24 and depression 21, 24 are associated with high NF.Īlthough the literature evidenced the high proportion of sleep disturbances among COVID-19 patients, 3, 12 to the best of our knowledge, we have no information on the oneiric activity of people with COVID-19 and no study has compared the oneiric activity of those who have had COVID-19 and those who have not. 25Īn international investigation highlighted that sleep disturbances and parasomnia-like events such as sleep talking and REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms are associated with high DRF. 21, 24 Also, a longitudinal study revealed a greater lucid dream frequency during lockdown than post-lockdown. Importantly, sleep patterns and oneiric activity appear to be strictly related since poor sleep quality predicts high DRF and NF during the lockdown. Indeed, women have shown higher DRF than men, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and older adults have reported lower (dream recall frequency) DRF 22, 24 and (nightmare frequency) NF 24 than younger individuals. 24 Furthermore, some trait-like features have an impact on oneiric activity. 24 Further, people reporting more changes in their life situation (eg, sleep habits or working life) have more emotional dreams. 27 Similarly, individuals having COVID-19-related traumatic experiences, such as death or disease of relatives/friends, report increased distress in their dream content 20 and nightmares. 25 In a relatively large United States sample (N = 3031), dream activity and mental health were shown to be associated during the pandemic, with the finding that the more participants were affected by the pandemic, the more it affected their dreams. 20, 21, 24, 26 Moreover, pandemic-related contents were identified both during the first wave of pandemic 20, 27–29 and in the post-lockdown period. 18–25įrom a qualitative point of view, healthy individuals have reported higher negative emotional intensity in dream content during the COVID-19 outbreak. In parallel with sleep problems, several studies show that the pandemic is associated with alterations of dreams and nightmares among healthy people. 14–16 Moreover, hospitalization (pharmacological treatments for the infection could contribute to sleep disruption). On the other hand, it should be noted that the core symptoms of the infection such as fever, coughing, breathing difficulties and physical pain, are highly correlated with sleep, problems. 12 On the one hand, the fear related with the virus may be one of the main reasons for poor sleep quality. 11–13 Additionally, a recent review emphasized that COVID-19 patients have higher prevalence rates of sleep disturbances. 4–9 Among the general population, cross-sectional investigations found dysregulation in sleep-wake schedules 7, 9, 10 and insomnia symptoms. In particular, a growing literature has highlighted that the COVID-19 pandemic strongly affected Sleep. In the last year, an impressive number of studies has focused on the psychological consequences of the pandemic both on the worldwide population 1 and infected people. COVID-19 is characterized by a severe acute respiratory syndrome and much clinical and research attention has been paid to finding an effective treatment or prevention strategy to defeat the virus. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed the novel Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) to be a global pandemic.
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